What does maximum zero fuel weight refer to?

Maximum zero fuel weight refers to the maximum allowable weight of the aircraft that includes everything except for usable fuel. This measurement is crucial for ensuring that the aircraft remains within its structural limits and has adequate performance capabilities during flight. By defining the maximum zero fuel weight, it helps in planning how much cargo and passengers can be carried without exceeding the limitations set by the aircraft's design.

When operational planning is considered, this threshold aids pilots and weight and balance engineers in calculating the appropriate loading of the aircraft so that it can operate safely and efficiently under its specific weight restrictions. It helps prevent issues related to weight and balance that could impair the aircraft's performance or even compromise safety during maneuvers.

This concept is distinct from other options; for example, the weight of the aircraft including fuel would exceed the maximum zero fuel weight, while the weight without passengers does not take cargo into account. The weight of the aircraft including only cargo would also not represent the entirety of the total load that needs to be factored into the zero fuel weight calculation.